Publication

This paper concludes that it makes little sense for the EU to work against the grain of trends that see Gulf states increasingly active in and interdependent with Mediterranean states in addition to the US making efforts to re-engage more positively with the Arab world. European foreign policy in the Middle East and North Africa is highly fragmented. While a plethora of initiatives towards Maghreb and Mashreq countries have been developed, these are not contained within an overarching EU strategy for the Middle East.