Publication

This paper provides a systematic comparative analysis of cooperative nonproliferation activities regarding nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons beyond the core treaties. It identifies the sources of cooperative activities and assesses their effectiveness. The author finds that cooperation has been shaped by states' own self-interests and by US leadership. However, interests can be reinterpreted, and US leadership can backfire when it is exercised in a heavy-handed manner. Other factors that help explain patterns of cooperation include the spread of norms, the national capacities of different states to carry out required activities, and the presence or absence of domestic political constraints on cooperation.