Publication

This paper discusses the five "off the shelf" models which the UK could adopt in its post-Brexit trade relationship with the EU. The options include 1) the World Trade Organization (WTO) model; 2) the European Economic Area approach, as illustrated by Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein; 3) Switzerland’s bilateral relationship with Brussels; 4) a Customs Union, which currently applies to Turkey; and 5) the Comprehensive Economic Trade Agreement (CETA), which defines Canada’s relationship with Europe. The text’s author also discusses some of the options available in a bespoke agreement between the UK and the EU.