Publication

This paper discusses different options for a more differenced approach to EU integration, critically analyzing the major institutional and political implications of more flexible forms of integration and drawing general conclusions. It examines six models of flexible integration, including the creation of a supranational Union, differentiation via established instruments and procedures and intergovernmental cooperation outside the EU. Further considered forms are differentiation through opt-outs, enlargement and withdrawal. The paper argues that more than ever, Europe requires various speeds in order to remain effective.