Publication

This paper explores the Soviet Union’s pursuit of a dual-phased biological warfare (BW) program known as Biopreparat. More specifically, the text’s author 1) describes the first phase of the Cold War program; 2) highlights the geopolitical, military and scientific reasons why the Soviets initiated a second generation program in 1972; and 3) speculates on whether the Putin administration might start a third generation BW effort in the future.