Publication

The paper estimates energy growth and incremental costs for biomass, solar, wind, geothermal, hydro, and nuclear in 174 countries from 1990 to 2008. Then it compares national mitigation burdens using per-capita mitigation expenditures as shares of per-capita incomes. This paper computes national carbon mitigation costs using the cost of coal-fired power as the benchmark for low-carbon energy investments, including all low-carbon energy sources, because reducing carbon emissions cannot be separated from other concerns.