Publication

The US and Germany are the most important donors of foreign and development assistance to Turkey. As donors, they have a dilemma - either they tolerate the omnipotent role of the semi-authoritarian Kemalist state and its elites, or they believe the Islamic parties’ claims they are pro-democracy and then respect their right to self-determination. This study describes how the US and Germany have dealt with this seeming conflict of norms and interests in their policies towards Turkey from 1995 to 2010.