Publication

This study analyzes the use of targeted sanctions, designed to put pressure on the leaders or specific elites, by the EU within the framework of its Common Foreign and Security Policy. To do this, it examines sets of sanctions regimes: stand-alone sanctions in Myanmar and Zimbabwe as well as sanctions supplementing UN Security Council sanctions in Iran and North Korea. It argues that the EU could improve both forms of sanctions by using more robust measures, designing them on the basis of forecasts, monitoring their impact, adjusting them regularly and working on outreach efforts.