Dr. Max Smeets

Max Smeets

IFW A 45.2
Haldeneggsteig 4
8092 Zürich
Switzerland

Phone: +41 44 632 83 45
Mail: 

Max Smeets is a Senior Researcher at the Center for Security Studies (CSS) at ETH Zurich and Co-Director of the external pageEuropean Cyber Conflict Research Initiative and external pageEuropean Cyber Conflict Research Incubator. He is the author of 'No Shortcuts: Why States Struggle to Develop a Military Cyber- Force’ (Oxford University Press & Hurst Publishers, 2022) and co-editor of ‘Deter, Disrupt or Deceive? Assessing Cyber Conflict as an Intelligence Contest’ (Georgetown University Press, 2023) and 'Cyberspace and Instability' (Edinburgh University Press, 2023).

Max is an affiliate at Stanford University’s external pageCenter for International Security and Cooperation (CISAC) and an associate fellow at external pageRoyal United Services Institute (RUSI). He also lectures on cyber warfare and defense as part of the Senior Officer course at the NATO Defense College in Rome.

He recently co-founded external pageBinding Hook, a new media outlet on technology and security part of ECCRI.

He was previously a postdoctoral fellow and lecturer at Stanford University CISAC and a College Lecturer at Keble College, University of Oxford. He has also held research and fellowship positions at New America, Columbia University SIPA, Sciences Po CERI, and NATO CCD COE. Before his academic career, Max worked in finance in London and Amsterdam.

Max received a BA in Economics, Politics and Statistics summa cum laude from University College Roosevelt, Utrecht University and an M.Phil (Brasenose College) and DPhil (St. John’s College) in International Relations from the University of Oxford.

Selected Publications

Books

Chesney, Robert; Shires, James; Smeets, Max (eds.) (2023) 'Cyberspace and Instability', Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Chesney, Robert; Smeets, Max (eds.) (2023) 'Deter, Disrupt or Deceive? Assessing Cyber Conflict as an Intelligence Contest', Washington DC: Georgetown University Press.

external pageSmeets, Max (2022) 'No Shortcuts: Why States Struggle to Develop a Military Cyber-Force', London: C Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd.

Journal Articles

external pageMakridis, Christos; Maschmeyer, Lennart; Smeets, Max (2024) 'If it bleeps it leads? Media coverage on cyber conflict and misperception', Journal of Peace Research, 61, 1: 72-86.

external pageSmeets, Max (2023) 'The challenges of military adaptation to the cyber domain: a case study of the Netherlands', Small Wars & Insurgencies, 34, 7: 1343-1362.

external pageDunn Cavelty, Myriam; Smeets, Max (2023) 'Regulatory cybersecurity governance in the making: the formation of ENISA and its struggle for epistemic authority', Journal of European Public Policy.

external pageSmeets, Max (2022) ‘A US history of not conducting cyber attacks’, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 78, 4: 208-213.

external pageSmeets, Max (2022) 'Cyber Arms Transfer: Meaning, Limits, and Implications', Security Studies, 31, 1: 65-91.

external pageEgloff, Florian; Smeets, Max (2021) 'Publicly Attributing Cyber Attacks: A Framework', Journal of Strategic Studies.

external pageChesney, Robert; Smeets, Max (2020) 'The Dynamics of Cyber Conflict and Competition', Texas National Security Review 3, 4: 4-7.

external pageRovner, Joshua; Warner, Michael; Lindsay, Jon R.; Fischerkeller, Michael P.; Harknett, Richard J.; Kollars, Nina; Chesney, Robert; Smeets, Max (2020) 'Policy Roundtable: Cyber Conflict as an Intelligence Contest', Texas National Security Review, Special Issue: Cyber Competition.

external pageHarknett, Richard J.; Smeets, Max (2020) 'Cyber Campaigns and Strategic Outcomes', Journal of Strategic Studies.

external pageSmeets, Max (2020) 'U.S. Cyber Strategy of Persistent Engagement & Defend Forward: Implications for the Alliance and Intelligence Collection', Intelligence and National Security.

external pageHerr, Trey; Laudrain, Arthur; Smeets, Max (2020) 'Mapping the Known Unknowns of Cybersecurity Education: A Review of Syllabi in Cyber Conflict and Security', Journal of Political Science Education 17, SUP1: 503-519.

external pageSmeets, Max; Works, JD (2020) 'Operational Decision-​Making for Cyber Operations: In Search of a Model', The Cyber Defense Review 5, 1: 95-​112.

external pageMakridis, Christos; Smeets, Max (2019) 'Determinants of Cyber Readiness', Journal of Cyber Policy 4, 1: 72-​89.

external pageSmeets, Max (2018) 'The Strategic Value of Offensive Cyber Operations', Strategic Studies Quarterly 12, 3: 90-​113.

external pageSmeets, Max (2018) 'Integrating Offensive Cyber Capabilities: Meaning, Dilemmas, and Assessment', Defence Studies 18, 4: 395-​410.

external pageSmeets, Max (2018) 'A Matter of Time: On the Transitory Nature of Cyber Weapons', Journal of Strategic Studies 41, 1-2: 6-​32. *Awarded the 2018 Amos Perlmutter Prize

external pageScott-​Smith, Giles; Smeets, Max (2013) 'Noblesse Oblige: The Transatlantic Security Dynamic and Dutch Involvement in the Joint Strike Fighter Program', International Journal 68, 1: 49-​69.

Op-eds

external pageMakridis, Christos, Maschmeyer, Lennart; Smeets, Max (2024) 'Understanding patterns of cyber conflict coverage in media', Binding Hook.

external pageSmeets, Max, (2023) ‘The magic of sophisticated cyber attacks,’ Binding Hook.

external pageShires, James; Smeets, Max, (2023) 'Introducing Binding Hook', Binding Hook.

external pageGrossman, Taylor; Kaminska, Monica; Shires, James; Smeets, Max (2023) 'The Cyber Dimensions of the Russia-Ukraine War', European Cyber Conflict Research Initiative, 1-36.

external pageSmeets, Max (2022) 'Why NATO Countries Don’t Share Cyber Weapons', The National Interest.

external pageSmeets, Max (2022) ‘AI Will Be a Double-Edged Sword in Future Cyber Conflicts', The National Interest.

external pageSmeets, Max; Achberger, Brita (2022) ‘Cyber hacktivists are busy undermining Putin’s invasion', The Washington Post: The Monkey Cage.

external pageSmeets, Max (2022) ‘Hack Global, Buy Local: The Inefficiencies of the Zero-Day Exploit Market’, Lawfare.

external pageSmeets, Max (2022) ‘The Risks of Managing a Purchased Cyber Arsenal’, Council on Foreign Relations: Net Politics.

external pageSmeets, Max (2022) ‘We Buy and Sell: The Public Advertisement of Zero-Day Exploits’, The Alert.

external pageSmeets, Max (2022) 'Building a Cyber Force Is Even Harder Than You Thought', War on the Rocks.

external pageSmeets, Max (2022) 'Going the Extra Mile: What It Takes to Be a Responsible Cyber Power', Lawfare.

external pageAchberger, Brita; Smeets, Max (2022) 'The Opportunities and Challenges of Military Cyber Exercises', Council on Foreign Relations: Net Politics.

external pageChesney, Robert; Smeets, Max (2020) 'Intervention: Exploring Cyber Conflict and Competition', War on the Rocks.

external pageSmeets, Max; Soesanto, Stefan (2020) 'Cyber Deterrence Is Dead: Long Live Cyber Deterrence!', Council on Foreign Relations: Net Politics.

external pageSmeets, Max (2019) 'Cyber Command’s Strategy Risks Friction With Allies', Lawfare.

external pageSmeets, Max (2019) 'There are too many Red Lines in Cyberspace', Lawfare.

external pageSmeets, Max (2019) 'NATO Allies Need to Come to Terms With Offensive Cyber Operations', Lawfare.

external pageLin, Herb; Smeets, Max (2018) 'What Is Absent From the U.S. Cyber Command 'Vision'', Lawfare.

external pageSmeets, Max (2018) 'The Netherlands Just Revealed its Cybercapacity. So What Does That Mean?', Washington Post.

external pageSmeets, Max; Moore, Daniel (2018) 'Why We Are Unconvinced NATO’s Cyber Policy Is More Aggressive, and That’s a Good Thing', Council on Foreign Relations.

external pageSmeets, Max; Grigsby, Alex (2018) 'What Did the 2018 NATO Summit Accomplish With Respect to Cyber Issues?', Council on Foreign Relations.

external pageSmeets, Max (2017) 'When Routine Isn’t Enough: Why Military Cyber Commands Need Creativity at the Human Level', War on the Rocks.

external pageShires, James; Smeets, Max (2017) 'The Word Cyber Now Means Everything – and Nothing at All', Slate.

external pageSmeets, Max (2017) 'Europe Slowly Starts to Talk More Openly about Offensive Cyber Operations', Council on Foreign Relations: Net Politics.

Reports and Conference Articles

external pageGrossman, Taylor; Kaminska, Monica; Shires, James; Smeets, Max (2023) 'The Cyber Dimensions of the Russia-Ukraine War', European Cyber Conflict Research Initiative Report, April 2023, 1-36.

external pageShires, James; Kaminska, Monica; Smeets, Max, (2022) ‘Cyber Operations during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine: Lessons Learned (so far)’, European Cyber Conflict Research Initiative Report, July 6, 1-12.

external pageGilli, Andrea; Gilli, Mauro; Grgić, Gorana; Henke, Marina; Lanoszka, Alexander; Meijer, Hugo; Scaglioli, Lucrezia; Silove, Nina; Simón, Luis; Smeets, Max (2022) ‘Strategic Shifts and NATO’s new Strategic Concept', NATO Defence College Research Paper 24.

Smeets, Max (2022) ‘What it Takes to Develop a Military Cyber-Force', CSS Policy Perspectives 10, 7.

external pageSmeets, Max (2022) ‘The Role of Military Cyber Exercises: A Case Study of Locked Shields’, Tallinn: CyCon, NATO CCD COE Publications.

external pageSmeets, Max (2019) '‘NATO Members’ Organizational Path Towards Conducting Offensive Cyber Operations: A Framework for Analysis', Tallinn: CyCon, NATO CCD COE Publications.

external pageGorwa, Robert; Smeets, Max (2019) 'Cyber Conflict in Political Science: A Review of Methods and Literature', Toronto: ISA Annual Convention.

external pageLin, Herbert; Smeets, Max (2018) 'Offensive Cyber Capabilities: To What Ends?', in: Minárik, Tomáš; Jakschis, Raik; Lindström, Lauri (eds.) 10th International Conference on Cyber Conflict (CyCon), Tallinn: NATO CCD COE Publications.

external pageHerr, Trey; Morgus, Robert; Smeets, Max (2017) 'Countering the Proliferation of Offensive Cyber Capabilities', in: The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies (ed.) GCSC Issue Brief 1: Briefings and Memos from the Research Advisory Group, The Hague: Global Commission on the Stability of Cyberspace, 161-187.

external pageHealey, Jason; Smeets, Max (2017) 'The Continuities and Discontinuities of Cyber History', in: Canfil,Justin Key; Healey,Jason (eds.) State of the Field Report on Cyber Conflict 2017, Vienna, Virginia: Cyber Conflict Studies Association, 1-10.

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